Prostitution Should Be Legal Essays - Sex Industry, Prostitution

Prostitution Should be Legal Alluded to as the most established calling, prostitution . . . has for quite some time been a difficult which has incited and upset Americans (Kinsie 3). Prostitution [is] the presentation of sexual acts, exclusively with the end goal of material increase (James [NA]). Prostitution remains, excepted and thought about typical in certain societies. No sex points of interest exist for whores , yet female whores involve most of whores. An individual male and wedded portraying the dominant part of whores customers, usually alluded to as a John. Shockingly, yet obvious, US whores work lawfully in certain regions. Prostitution is at present illicit in every one of the 50 states (Flowers 8), except for 12 rustic areas in Nevada. A wide range of kinds of whores exist: ladies of the night, call young ladies, knead parlor/massage parlor/in house whores, madams, contracted sex slaves, escort administration whores, proficient dominatrics, destitute, sedate dependent and part time whores (Flowers 18, 19). In 1995, roughly 95,000 captures were made (70% female whores, 20% male whores and 10% clients), for the most part prostitutes; a wrongdoing normally bringing about a fine, at times a 30-day prison term. More significantly than numbers, what persuades one to pick a profession of prostitution? Maybe influence, compulsion, misuse, habit or helpless conditions/way of life and the monetary draw. Authorizing prostitution guarantees guideline and tax assessment, permitting the police to manage progressively vicious violations and lessen the maltreatment of whores by Pimps. There stay numerous reasons why one may support the unlawful status of prostitution. A few see the calling as exploitive to ladies, a . . . type of sexual servitude (Abraham 1). Women's activists guarantee that prostitution strengthens the status that ladies speak to objects, fixing the wins of ladies previously. However still, many have faith in neo-Victorism, a deigning conviction that whores are uninformed of their activity and need somebody with more training to ensure them (Abraham 1). A great part of people in general depicts the calling of prostitution as grimy, indecent and corrupting. For some, prostitution brings about a damaging, harsh profession in which Pimps, the individuals who own and disseminate whores to help monetary benefit, and Johns manhandle and damage ladies. Prostitution likewise enormously influences the network and people in general. The individuals who use whores for their pleasure hazard the compression of illnesses, in this manner spreading with each new sexual accomplice, imperiling the lives of many. Albeit substantial reasons legitimize why one would need to keep prostitution with an illicit status, the advantages out of sight the negative parts of prostitution. Legitimizing the calling builds the nature of lives for the individuals who participate in prostitution as a profession and the individuals who use the business they offer. Legitimization of prostitution permits guideline, requiring clinical assessment of whores all the time, assisting with decreasing the exchange of STDs and transmittable sicknesses. As per the US Department of Health, 3% to 5% of STDs in the US are connected to whores (Prostitution in the US . . . [NA]). These generally little numbers brings about a domino impact. On the off chance that somebody gets an ailment during a break with a prostitute, each sexual accomplice from there on conveys the possible danger of tainting. In expansion, the wellbeing of whores no doubt increments. Early discovery and treatment of STDs, sicknesses or ailments, and illicit drug use establish likely aftereffects of prostitution legitimization. These activities improve the probability of whores' acceptable wellbeing, bringing about a more secure condition for their customers too. Abuse from pimps wipes out with the sanctioning of prostitution. Pimps ordinarily take an enormous segment of the whores benefit, up to half and now and again more. This misuse incorporates misuse, both physical and mental, frequently prompting murder. A legitimate status of prostitution permits whores to work for themselves, or in a protected, controlled condition, such as an authorized massage parlor. Sanctioning takes into consideration tax collection from prostitution compensation, similar to some other work. Tax collection from prostitution brings about expanded duties gathered by urban communities, districts and states. By tax assessment, whores appreciate the advantages of joblessness protection, inability protection and social security, therefore guaranteeing whores the decision of proceeding or suspending their vocation in prostitution. Urban communities, areas and states benefit by tax assessment and authorizing prostitution brings about a decrease of criminal arraignment costs. Normal capture, court [and] imprisonment costs sum to about $2000 per capture. Urban areas spend a normal of $7.5 million on prostitution control each year. Running from $1 million (Memphis) to $23 million (New York) (Prostitution in the US. . . [NA]). This additional cash and time furnishes police more opportunity to manage and arraign fierce wrongdoings. The disposal of the arraignment of whores sets aside time and cash for the equity framework

An Analysis of The House on Mango Street :: House Mango Street

An Analysis of The House on Mango Street   In the novel, The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros portrays the issues that Latino ladies face in a general public that regards them as peasants. A general public that is overwhelmed by men, and a general public that qualities ladies for what they resemble, and not for what is on inside. In her Novel Cisneros needs us to imagine the impediments that Latino ladies must face regularly so as to be dealt with similarly.       In the Book ladies are viewed as articles by men whether they are sweethearts, companions fathers or spouses. The young ladies in the novel grow up with the attitude that looks and appearance are the most significant things to a lady. Cisneros likewise demonstrates how Latino ladies are required to be faithful to their spouses, and that a husband ought to have unlimited oversight of the relationship. However then again, Cisneros depicts the character Esperanza as being extraordinary. Despite the fact that she is brought up in a similar culture as the ladies around her, she isn't content with it, and realizes that sometime she will break liberated from its ties, since she is intellectually solid and has an ability for recounting stories. She returns through her accounts by indicating the ladies that they can be free and live their own lives. In a manner this is Cinceros' method of returning and offering back to the ladies in her locale.       The Latino ladies and young ladies in the novel are very worried about their appearances, since they feel that on the off chance that they aren't alluring, at that point they won't be seen by men, and they are raised to accept that they need a man to satisfy their life, and that they need a spouse to help them, and on the off chance that they don't look appealing, at that point they won't be seen, and in the event that they are not seen, at that point they figure they won't wind up getting hitched. A genuine case of this is Marin. When Marin discusses a genuine activity Marin says that the best work environment is downtown, not due to the work that is there, but since you generally get the opportunity to look delightful and were pleasant garments. She likewise tells the young ladies that the main thing that issues is if your skirts are short, and your eyes are pretty, with the goal that you are seen by folks.

Troubles in the Proctor Household free essay sample

Run High in Proctor Household In the start of Act II of Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the story presents a connection between John Proctor and his significant other, Elizabeth. The association between the couple underlines that their relationship is definitely not typical than that of a wedded couple. The fundamental driver of their clumsy relationship originates from Johns meandering desire. John Proctor has clashing feelings towards Elizabeth on the grounds that them two are attempting to maintain a strategic distance from the immense reality that he submitted infidelity. The clashing feelings are available when John Proctor attempts to maintain a strategic distance from encounters with his better half, the casual discussion between them where John continually attempts to satisfy Elizabeth, and the absence of shared understanding between them. All through the scene, John Proctor made a decent attempt so as to keep away from squabbles with his better half. In a male centric culture of the 1600’s, it would be exceptionally basic for a lady to be docile towards her better half. We will compose a custom paper test on Inconveniences in the Proctor Household or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the Proctor family unit, it is the same since Elizabeth unobtrusively questions her husband’s authority since she â€Å"fear(s) to outrage him† in spite of the fact that she has all the influence she needs in a contention by basically expressing the way that he undermined her (Miller 53). Be that as it may, John shows the direct inverse conduct of what is anticipated from a male in a male centric culture. Initially, when John gets back home and tastes the soup his better half arranged, he is â€Å"not very pleased† with it for it was not prepared well (Miller 49). Subsequent to including increasingly salt himself, John sees that Elizabeth is eagerly watching him taste the soup. Rather than being a run of the mill spouse, harking back to the 1600s by censuring such a little error about how his food is prepared, he praises on how great tasting the soup is while realizing that it was the result of his convenient work. By holding his tongue, he maintains a strategic distance from a showdown among him and his significant other over an extremely little issue of not placing enough salt in the soup. Furthermore, John appears not to be the commonplace male in his general public when he, â€Å"as delicately as he can† requests some juice (Miller 51). Obviously this isn't what his typical conduct would be on the grounds that, as Elizabeth is bringing him his juice, she feels â€Å"a feeling of reprimand†¦for having forgot† (Miller 51). Since Elizabeth felt as though she planned something for wrong her significant other, she expects that John will make a tremendous get worked up about the issue. Be that as it may, John coolly gets over her error by simply changing the subject to him watching out for the fields. His cautious conduct towards Elizabeth causes him to embrace the tone of a spouse that has planned something for monstrously disappoint his significant other and is doing whatever it takes not to outrage her. Obviously, it shows that John has clashing feelings towards his significant other in light of the fact that he needs to go about as an ordinary spouse, thinking back to the 1600s, however he recollects the grievous wrongdoing he submitted and attempts to keep away from showdown and the chance of both of them discussing his slip-up. John Proctor’s whole discussion with Elizabeth is generally directing sentiments toward please her trying to compensate for his undertaking. For instance, while eating his supper he offers steady comments about their homestead being incredibly large and the purpose behind returning home so late was on the grounds that he was caught up with â€Å"planting out of sight the woodland edge† (Miller 49). In this undeniable endeavor to satisfy Elizabeth, John alludes to the way that he has buckled down on their ranch. By indicating this, he plans to show Elizabeth that he is working for more noteworthy's benefit of the family and that he isn't investing energy with Abigail. Moreover, John needs to ensure that Elizabeth sees all his difficult work when he recommends that on â€Å"Sunday†¦ (they’ll) walk the ranch to together† (Miller 51). The above section obviously shows the amount John is attempting to satisfy Elizabeth since he transparently said that they would go investigate the ranch on Sunday which should be committed to a day of supplication where nobody should accomplish any work and if an individual skips faith gathering, they would get in a tough situation. Furthermore, John attempts to satisfy Elizabeth with material riches when he ends the ungainly quietness between them by expressly saying that â€Å"if the yield is acceptable I’ll purchase George Jacob’s yearling. How might that please you? † (Miller 50). By asking Elizabeth her conclusion on her opinion of his choice to purchase a calf shows an atypical connection between a couple, harking back to the 1600s since the male typically doesn't request their wife’s sentiment on their choices and that John is additionally making a decent attempt to satisfy his better half. The run of the mill male mentality toward ladies voicing their feelings on things is additionally present in John’s attitude when he detonates at the slight idea that Elizabeth â€Å"has lost all confidence in him† because of the way that he â€Å"faltered slightly† at the idea of harming Abigail’s notoriety (Miller 54). The consistent fight in John’s disposition to go about as the man of the house just as the mindful spouse act he is battling to set up so as to compensate for his misstep is a case of the clashing feelings he is encountering while at the same time managing his better half.

Summer School Study Abroad Scholarship Application Essay

Summer School Study Abroad Scholarship Application - Essay Example I accept these courses would assist me with achieving my definitive vocation objective. Every great bundle accompany costs, so is the situation of YISS. I have a place with a white collar class family with pay that just gets the job done living expenses and doesn't add to reserve funds. A referral to budget report will bolster my position. I will have the option to endure my costs somewhat, yet I will likewise need budgetary help. This is the motivation behind why I have applied for need based grant program. I accept that an individual has a give and take relationship with the general public. Commitment to society is taken care of as a superior and safe network for the people in the future. I regard the way that YISS is offering need based grant and want to profit by it. Be that as it may, this doesn't end here, as some assistance stretched out towards me today will urge me to help other people in future. It will likewise create altruism of Korean culture on worldwide

Literacy Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Education Narrative - Essay Example At a second, he had no earlier job in my life while next second he demonstrated out to be a surprisingly positive turn of events, characterizing for me some deliberateness throughout everyday life. I never had a lot of respect for proficiency and training yet that occasion was vital in making me question my own numbness and convictions. A turning stone We were conceived and gotten Middle East, where Arabic was our essential local language while capacity to communicate in English was an extra. I never did a lot of exertion attempting to learn different dialects or look for instruction since Arabic got the job done every one of my needs to convey on consistent schedule. I despite everything can unmistakably imagine that day when I met Hashim just because at his home 6 years back when he welcomed Ali for lunch and Ali labeled me along. Hashim was just 11 years of age then which makes him 5 years more youthful than me. In the wake of completing our dinners, we rested in lounge chair whil e Hashim associated his PC to web. In the wake of marking in to Windows Live Messenger, he shouted to me, ‘Hey, give me your email address so I can add you to my friends’ rundown and we can talk online sometimes’. This came as a stun for me as I wasn’t anticipating that him should be so familiar at English, particularly at such youthful age, that he was fit for talking on the web in this language. I despite everything needed to hear it from him once so I affirmed and got his certain answer, ‘Yes, I can talk in English fluently’. ... Before long I had the option to understand that he has a place with a very rich family who more likely than not spent gigantic measures of cash on his instruction. In any case, that second I guaranteed myself that I will take a shot at my English language and before long be a familiar at composing, talking and getting it. To empower this, the exceptionally following day I joined a language establishment to improve my English and upgraded my familiarity inside scarcely any days. This was a turning stone for my life and profession: I got acknowledged at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, outstanding amongst other trustworthy colleges in inlet nations. Moreover, the primary year was a probation year where we needed to experience broad testing, including two English courses where the guides were local English speakers. This additionally gave me an edge to show signs of improvement grasp on American just as British English language, phrasings and complement and qualifications between them. Because of my solid abilities in the language, I was effectively ready to endure the primary year with incredible evaluations. Finishing up comments Owing to my humiliating second activated by Hashim’s question, in addition to the fact that I got a point and bearing in life to be resolved about, I likewise turned out to be a piece of a lofty instructive organization, assembled a solid profession and have astounding relational abilities in English language starting today. This was a vital achievement in my life which changed my convictions and mentality towards proficiency. I turned out to be progressively adult and capable and created regard for instructive concerns. In addition, I began helping individuals in my region to conquer their correspondence issues so they don't need to confront comparable humiliating circumstance

5 Inspiring New Memoirs Coming This Summer

5 Inspiring New Memoirs Coming This Summer Beach reads dont have to be all suspenseful mysteries or sweet romances. This season is also bringing some engrossing new memoirs that will both motivate you and keep you plenty entertained by the pool. Whether youre looking for something to make you laugh or cry, or to debate over with your friends and family, youre sure to find it all in the pages of these five inspiring titles, hitting shelves later this summer: The Pretty One: On Life, Pop Culture, Disability and Other Reasons to Fall in Love with Me  by Keah Brown (August 6) You may know Keah Brown as an outspoken disability rights advocate and the creator of the #DisabledAndCute campaign. In this insightful collection of essays, she delves further into her story, exploring what it was like to grow up with cerebral palsy, her relationship with her able-bodied identical twin, and her love of all things pop culture. Filled with honesty, wit, and plenty of humor, Brown’s reflections open an important conversation about representation and self-love.   Haben: The Deafblind Woman Who Conquered Harvard by Haben Girma (August 6) In this inspiring memoir, Haben Girma takes readers through her journey into becoming the first deafblind person to ever graduate from Harvard Law. She also reflects on how years of navigating her disability in unaccommodating environments helped shape her advocacy, leading her to fight for increased access at Harvard Law, in court, and even at the White House.   The Yellow House by Sarah M.  Broom (August 13) In her debut novel, Sarah M. Broom takes a candid look at her childhood growing up in the once-promising neighborhood of New Orleans East, one of the most neglected areas of the highly visited city, and specifically, the yellow house she and her family lived in for decades. Though the house was destroyed in Hurricane Katrina, its memory has a lasting impact on Broom, which she deftly explores while also reflecting on issues of race and inequality.   All the Wrong Moves: A Memoir About Chess, Love, and Ruining Everything by Sasha Chapin (August 13) Trying to figure out your next move? Sasha Chapin knows all about that, as he writes in this book chronicling his obsessive two-year submersion in the game of chess. After spending months embarking on global travels in search of tournaments, Chapin falls in love and decides to quit in order to commit to his relationshipâ€"after one final high-ranked game, of course. Whether or not you know anything about chess, you’ll be able to relate to Chapin’s quest to find love, excitement, and, above all, his place in the world.   Consent: A Memoir of Unwanted Attention  by Donna Freitas (august 13) In this timely memoir, Donna Freitas continues the conversation around consent by delivering a forensic examination of the years she spent dealing with her own stalkerâ€"a professor whose academic interest in her turned obsessive. While grappling with the long-term emotional consequences of her experiences, Freitas highlights how shame and self-doubt can silence victims, and raises important questions about the real definition of consent.

Shifting Realities in The Lotos-Eaters - Literature Essay Samples

In Alfred Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lotos-Eaters†, he brings into question the differing perspectives that each individual possesses. By describing the reality of the sailors before the consumption of the Lotos flower and after the ingestion of the enchanted Lotos, he brings attention to the idea that there exists various versions of reality and the ways that mind-altering substances can produce alternate or imaginary versions of reality. Through careful perusal of the poem and the comparison of the mindset of the sailors in the opening stanzas to the choric song, the reader can come to understand how Tennyson considers a flexible reality. In the opening stanza to â€Å"The Lotos-Eaters†, Tennyson sets the scene and inserts the reader into the poem by describing the strange land that the sailors happen upon. He states: In the afternoon thy came unto a land / In which it seemed always afternoon. / All round the coast the languid air did swoon, / Breathing like one that hath a weary dream. (3-6) Immediately Tennyson invokes images of tiredness and dreamlike exhaustion, setting the atmosphere for the land that the sailor come across. Tennyson continues to elevate the land to a dreamlike, slumberous image. He utilizes language to allow the reader to understand the languidness of the land, using expressions such as â€Å"a land of streams† (10) and â€Å"slow-dropping veils of the thinnest lawn† (11) and â€Å"rolling a slumberous sheet of foam† (13) and â€Å"the charmed sunset lingered low† (19). Tennyson’s word choice in describing the land allows the reader to invoke an image of a lethargic, peaceful land, almost untouched by the destructive, busy, and complex natures of humankind. Indeed, the land seems to be almost untouched by even time; a land of eternal afternoons, â€Å"a land where all things always seem’d the same!† (24). The land seems eternal and unblemished to the sailors, a stark image contrasting the experiences that they have previously endured. After describing the etherealness of the land, Tennyson introduces the natives of the land, a people called the Lotos-eaters. He describes the Lotos-eaters as dark-skinned, but paled against the rosiness of the setting sun. He indicates that they are â€Å"mild-eyed† and â€Å"melancholy†, referring to their calm and languid nature. The introduction of the Lotos-eaters are in fact an allusion to Homer’s Odyssey, in which the epic hero Odysseus happens upon the land of the Lotos-eaters and struggles to retain his crew from the captivating flower. Following the introduction of the natives and the description of their lethargic state, Tennyson tells of the flower that alters their nature in such as way: Branches they bore of that enchanted stem, / Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave To each, but whoso did receive of them, / And taste, to him the gushing of the wave Far far away did seem to mourn and rave / On alien shores; and if his fellow spake, His voice was thin, as voices from the grave; / And music in his ears his beating heart did make. (28-36) The Lotos-eaters provide the sailors with the Lotos fruit and flower, causing the sailors to be in an altered state. The sailor’s reality is changed; the sound of the waves is now humanized, mourning and raving; their voices become deathly and thin, concurrently slumbering and wide awake. The sailors even listen to their beating hearts as they would to music. The Lotos flower alters their state of mind, providing a hallucinogenic effect that changes their percept ion of reality. After the sailors indulge in the Lotos flowers and their perception of reality is sufficiently altered, they reminisce about their homeland. However, while they long for their home, children, wives, and slaves, the inhibited sailors have no desire to return to the sea and make the journey to their island home. The shift in the poem, and the transition to the choric song occurs in the following lines: Then someone said, â€Å"We will return no more; / And all at once they sang, â€Å"Our island home Is far beyond the wave; we will no longer roam. (43-45) As soon as the sailors tasted the Lotos flower, any desire to return home vanished. Their home is simply too far away, and the languid state that the Lotos flower presses upon them has dissipated any interest in the journey. At the conclusion of the opening stanzas, the sailors begin to sing, transitioning into the choric song that remainder of the poem dissolves into. The choric song institutes a shift in voice. While the opening stanzas are written in third-person, the choric song is written in first-person, as the sailors are singing as a whole. It begins with the sailors describing the marvelousness of the land. They describe the land as musical, soft, and blissful. Tennyson also includes an allusion to further mind-altering drugs: Here the cool mosses deep, / And through the moss the ivies creep, / And in the stream the long-leaved flowers weep, And from the craggy ledge the poppy hangs in sleep. (53-56) Poppy is known for being the source of opium, a hallucinogenic drug that has side-effects such as lethargy, which the sailors are currently suffering from. Tennyson’s inclusion of the poppy alludes to the sailors’ altered state caused by the Lotos flowers, and calls into question their ability to interpret their own reality. Under the influence of the Lotos flower, the sailors continue on the question the difficulty of their own lives. They consider their own melancholy and weariness, and the distress of all mankind. They ponder the fact that although humankind is supreme over all other animals and living things, they are the only creatures that continuously have to toil while other beings rest. The sailors continue on to immerse themselves into a plant in the forest and ponder its existence from its blooming to its withering, including that the plant â€Å"hath no toil† (82). The stability and restfulness of the plant’s existence compared to the sailors’ own lives illustrates the complexity of humankind and shifted perspective that the sailors have on the nature of the world. After considering the plant’s existence, the sailors continue on to question their own. They ponder why, if they have to die eventually, their lives should be laborious. War and effort seem pointless now ; only peace and rest appeal to the inhibited sailors. They sing: Let us alone. What pleasure can we have / To war with evil? Is there any peace / In ever climbing up the climbing wave? / All things have rest, and ripen toward the grave / In silence; ripen, fall and cease: / Give us long rest or death, dark death, or dreamful ease. (93-98) Death even sounds appealing to the sailors over any sort of labor. The sailors are only interested in peaceful, unbothered rest, which they may find on the island of the Lotos-eaters. They wish to stay in this â€Å"half-dream†, the state produced by the Lotos flower that allows them to linger between sleep and wakefulness. Their single desire, repeated consistently throughout the poem, is to stay on this island and eat the Lotos flowers, thus adopting the lives of the natives: To lend our hearts and spirits wholly / To the influence of mild-minded melancholy; (108-109) As the sailors originally described the Lotos-eaters as â€Å"mild-eye d melancholy†, they too wish to be after allowing their minds to be numbed by the Lotos flower. Although the sailors have no desire to return home, they still remember their families that they left behind. They understand that their families’ lives at home have changed without them, and use this to excuse their own abandonment. Tennyson includes another allusion to Homer’s Odyssey in the mentioning of the war in Troy, thus insinuating that the sailors are indeed Greeks returning home from the long war in Troy. They plan to abandon their weary journey and spend the rest of their days on the island of the Lotus-eaters. In the final stanza of the poem, the sailors pay homage to the Lotos flower and swear an oath that they will never leave this resting place. They will never again anguish in the turmoil of the rest of mankind: Surely, surely, slumber is more sweet than toil, the shore / Than labour in the deep mid-ocean, wind and wave and oar; Oh rest ye, brother mariners, we will not wander more. (171-173) The sailors conclude the poem with a final assertion that their journey is over; they have found peace on the island of the Lotos-eaters. The comparison of the sailors in the opening stanzas and in the choric song is dramatic. In the beginning, the sailors were on a journey homewards; they have just finished fighting in a long ten-year war in Troy and are now returning to their families. However, once they arrive in the land of the Lotos-eaters and consume the flower, all perseverance vanishes. While the soldiers are rightly weary from their travels, the desire to finally return home is shockingly gone. Instead, the sailors appear enchanted with the land and the Lotos flower; they only wish for peace and restfulness, numbed by the mind-altering effects of the Lotos flower. By comparing to two states of the sailors before the consumption of the Lotos flower and after, Tennyson alludes to the idea of a flexible reality. Reality is not a fixed state; it is all dependent on one’s state of mind. When one’s mind is altered in any way, the perception of an idea, landscape, environment, scene, or feeling is chang ed. There is in fact no possible way to compare one’s own reality to another, or any reality at one moment to a different moment, for reality is influenced by the person experiencing it and his or her state of mind at the time. Reality is not stable, fixed, or reliable; and the ingestion of mind-altering substances alter one’s perception even more. The proof is in the sailors: men who should desire to return home more than anything only desire rest and the consumption of the mild-altering Lotos. Tennyson’s idea that reality is always fluctuating impacts the way one views the world. If reality is indeed unstable, every human experience is perceived by the subject in a unique way that cannot possible be truly understood by an outside mind. The influence of outside factors has too much sway in our understanding of reality. The sailors’ revolutionary choice to remain on the island indicate that our choices are not always truly our own; humans are too easily i nfluenced by outside factors working on the mind. Humankind can only attempt to understand the shifting realities in order to maintain a firm grasp on what is truly knowable.

How Managers Effectively Deal With Cross Cultural Issues

Subject 3 : Discuss how managers effectively deal with cross cultural issues in the workplace. INTRODUCTION As the world economy is becoming more and more international, it has now become essential to know how to interact with people coming from some other countries. Nowadays most of growing companies are treating with partners abroad but some of them are facing communication problems. Cross cultural communication consist in a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural background communicate. In our essay we will see in what extent dealing with a multucural team is apparently a drain, then we will list the different methods that managers can use to solve these issues and finally see how a multicultural team can becomes a gain when it is well managed. Apparently a drain Communicating with people from different cultures, having different norms and habits is difficulty that everybody has to face. We all have been educated in different places and had different influences that made of us the persons we are today. This different experiences we had gave us various references and codes. All these different codes leads to misunderstanding. We identify two different ways of communication, verbal and non verbal communication. Verbal communication is a communication using verbs, voice and language. Non-verbal communication refers  « to a variety of ways to send a message without the use of verbal words. It is both intentional or unintentional  »Show MoreRelatedCommunication As A Globalized Environment921 Words   |  4 PagesDue to the rise of international trade and transnational corporations the average manager now communicates with vendors, employees and businesspeople in multiple countries on a daily basis. 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The objective of this report is to recognize the importance of cultural factors occurring in marketing communications. Therefore, it discusses the following: †¢ Key issues in cross-cultural marketing communication which shows identifying the cultural factors to support marketing communication in the proposed markets and pre-requisites for cross-cultural communicationRead MoreCultural Intelligence1554 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Intelligence Cultural Quotient is the organizational psychology and management theory, and it is all about the continuous learning and aptitude to develop personally through this learning. The differences in the intercultural do remains in the momentous challenge stage in all multinational organizations. Hence to face the challenge there is a need of a new domain of astuteness which immense relevance to the era of escalating globalization and the workplace diverse. For every manager whoRead MorePotential Problems When Using Multicultural Diverse Team in Global Organization994 Words   |  4 Pageswhen their managers do not have much confidence in implementing diversity workforce in an organization. Managers are afraid that they may fail in terms of productivity when multicultural diverse team is applied. The problems are: 1. Problem: A mere decrease in productivity The positive impact of multicultural diverse team is that the creativity can be increase compare to non-diversity team. Furthermore, diverse team have better understanding of the problem since many cultural backgroundsRead MorePotential Problems When Using Multicultural Diverse Team in Global Organization984 Words   |  4 Pagesdiversity when their managers do not have much confidence in implementing diversity workforce in an organization. Managers are afraid that they may fail in terms of productivity when multicultural diverse team is applied. The problems are: 1. Problem: A mere decrease in productivity The positive impact of multicultural diverse team is that the creativity can be increase compare to non-diversity team. Furthermore, diverse team have better understanding of the problem since many cultural backgrounds is

Fight Club Film Analysis - 1168 Words

Postmodernism In Film â€Å"Life has no meaning a priori†¦ It is up to you to give it a meaning, and value is nothing but the meaning that you choose†(Jean-Paul Satre). As is began in the mid to late 20th century, Postmodernism has become a literary movement that has greatly influenced writers, poets, music, film, culture, art, etc. While modernist theory is rational and scientific in reasoning, Postmodernism departs away from that focusing primarily on an innovative way of thought that is avant-garde and subjective. Films such as Fight Club and stranger than fiction are clear examples of postmodernism as they both hold postmodernist characteristics such as Paranoia, breaking of the fourth wall, and black comedy. Paranoia in†¦show more content†¦(Stranger Than Fiction). Not only does Herald hear a strange voice in his mind, however along with that the voice tell him he is going to die. This causes Herald to panic even more because he believes his life is in danger. He does not know what the voice he hears is and what is yet to come, thus scaring him and leaving him paranoid. Breaking the fourth wall is a postmodernist term used when the character directly interacts with the audience in some way. The term breaking the fourth wall is used to display the breaking of the barrier between the movie and the audience. It is the reality within a character where they understand that they in fact are a character in the movie. Fight Club displays this characteristic of postmodernism as the whole film is narrated by the protagonist, Edward Norton. In one scene where Edward introduces his friend Tyler Derby, Let me tell you a little bit about Tyler Derby...(Fight Club), he draws his attention to the screen while speaking directly to the audience. Also in the same scene, both Edward and Tyler interact with the audience together. When explaining what Tyler does as a part time job, Edward says, If you look for it, you can see these little dots coming in at the upper right corner of the screen(Fight Club). After he says this, an oval shape appears on the right upper corne r of the screen. Tyler then replies with, In the industry we call them cigaretteShow MoreRelatedFight Club Film Analysis1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1960s. It has been widely applied to film theory to review and analyse perspective. Postmodernism is most commonly thought of as a ‘departure from modernism’. It relies heavily on the increased speed of communication and the sharing of ideas; its codes are made up by self-conscious uses of pre-existing artistic styles and media conventions. It also depends on modern society being defined by media culture. In this essay, I will be examining Fight Club (David Fincher, 1999) and how it can be categorisedRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Fight Club2081 Words   |  9 PagesFight Club is the opposite of Watchmen, the style of David Fincher and his faded green aesthetic fit perfectly in the world of Fight Club and help to give the Film a sense of identity that wouldn t exist if the film was created by a lesser director. The way this F ilm is shot, the editing, the score, it all combines to help tell the story in a new way that feels entirely separate from the book. Additionally, Fincher works to bring the concepts of the book to life through adaptation not translationRead MoreEssay on Fight Club: Analysis of Novel and Film1561 Words   |  7 PagesFight Club: Analysis of Novel and film Fight Club is a potent, diabolically sharp, and nerve chafing satire that was beautifully written by Chuck Palahniuk and adapted to the silver screen by David Fincher. A story masterfully brought together by mischief, mayhem, and ironically, soap. Fight Club is the definition of a cult classic because the issues dealt within the novel touched so close to home to the generation this novel was intended for, generation X. The novel was written in 1996 and quicklyRead MoreMischief, Mayhem, in Tyler We Trust: a Textual Analysis of Personality Disorders as Depicted in the Film Fight Club2758 Words   |  12 PagesPsychological disorders are widely represented in films, as well as in other media texts such as novels, television shows, etc. One film that portrays more than one example of a psychological disorder is Fight Club, a Twentieth Century Fox movie released with an R rating in 1999. Directed by David Fincher; and produced by Art Linson, Cean Chaffin, and Ross Grayson Bell, the mov ie mainly introduces Dissociative Identity Disorders (also known as Multiple Personality Disorders), but also hints atRead More Mischief, Mayhem, In Tyler We Trust: A Textual Analysis of Personality Disorders as Depicted in the Film Fight Club2621 Words   |  11 Pages Psychological disorders are widely represented in films, as well as in other media texts such as novels, television shows, etc. One film that portrays more than one example of a psychological disorder is Fight Club, a Twentieth Century Fox movie released with an R rating in 1999. Directed by David Fincher; and produced by Art Linson, Cean Chaffin, and Ross Grayson Bell, the movie mainly introduces Dissociative Identity Disorders (also known as Multiple Personality Disorders), but also hints at insomniaRead MoreEssay on Criticisms of Consumerism and Materialism in Fight Club1134 Words   |  5 Pagespresented in Fincher’s Fight Club (1999), one of â€Å"the rawest, most hot-blooded, provocatively audacious, dangerous movies to come of out Hollywood† (Morris, 1999). Through the diverging personalities of the films central characters, Fincher provides a satirical analysis and powerful criticism of consumerism, â€Å"echoing countless social critics who bemoan the emasculating effects of consumer culture on once self-defined and autonomous individuals† (Robinson, 2011). The film is focuses primarily onRead More Analysis of â€Å"Fight Club† Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Fight Club† For years David Fincher has directed some of the most stylish and creative thrillers in American movies. His works include: Aliens 3, Seven, The Game and Fight Club. Each of these films has been not only pleasing and fun to watch but each has commented on society, making the viewers think outside the normal and analyze their world. Fight Club is no exception, it is a multi-layered film with many subplots and themes, but primarily it is a surrealistic description of theRead MoreFight Club: A Narrative Analysis1556 Words   |  7 Pagesis selected and arranged in a cause-and-effect sequence of events occurring over time† (553). David Fincher’s Fight Club uses a very unique narrative mode in that the whole film is self-narrated by the unnamed main character and has one of the best surprise endings in this writer’s opinion. This makes the film a prime specimen to be broken apart for further narrative analysis. The film starts out with the nameless narrator played by Edward Norton in a nameless city. The narrator, stuck in a dead-endRead MoreTextual Analysis Essay on Fight Club1250 Words   |  5 PagesGina Ferrari Eric Netterlund Fall 2011 Textual Analysis Essay The classic 1996 film Fight Club is a social commentary about our generation, which is in many ways devoid of spirit and marked by consumerism. It is the story of a mans spiritual journey towards enlightenment in modern society and his attempt to find his place in the world. It stresses a post-modern consumer society, reveals the loss of masculine identity amongst gray-collar workers, and examines the social stratification markedRead MoreMovie Analysis : Fight Club 1423 Words   |  6 PagesFight Club (1999. Fincher. D), is a film about the alienation and search for self of the character known only as the narrator. The males featured within the film all partake in fighting each other in order to assert their masculinity and in turn find that sense of self. The narrator begins the film as an insomniac, but as the film runs on we actually come to see his personality has been fractured by the alienation that he experiences. It becomes evident that the narrator and the majority of male s

Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1023 Words

Liilen Pereira Bloede 11/2/16 Mr. Beadle Frankenstein The fabulous author Mary Shelley finished writing the book Frankenstein in May 1817 and officially published it in January of 1818. This book is science fiction. Some say it’s fiction because the monster is a robot-like human that someone created, but others say it’s non fiction because of the idea that the monster was made from artificial life or a re-animated dead body that someone created. Because this book was written in the 1800’s, it was a little challenging to read and fully understand at times because they talked a different, way back then, than we do now. In my opinion, this book is based off of what was happening in the author’s life around the time it was written. I think†¦show more content†¦They took him as a scary eight foot tall beast that was dangerous. All the monster wanted to be was loved. Victor didn’t make him that way because he didn’t fit in or look the same. He then took revenge on Victor by killing parts of his closest family. Thats when his intentions changed. He then turned into this monster killing machine. â€Å"I entered the room where the corpse lay, and was led up to the coffin. How can I describe my sensations on beholding it? I feel yet parched with horror, nor can I reflect on that terrible moment without shuddering and agony, that faintly reminds me of the anguish of the recognition.† In this quote Victor is recognizing how the monster has evolved from this pure harmless thing into a killing machine and he is realizing the effects of what he made. The beginning of the book starts off with the character Robert Walton writing letters to his sister about his voyage he’s on and talks about how he meets Victor out at sea. Robert was a very caring person, he took Victor onto his boat not knowing anything about him. He is also an amazing captain, very smart, and very skilled at navigating. â€Å"Farewell, my dear, excellent, Margaret. Heaven shower down blessings on you, save me, that I may again and again testify my gratitude for all your love and kindness.† In my opinion you would need to quote all the letters to Margaret to truly show how kind and genuine Robert is. This quote just begins to show how he’s finishing one of hisShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein Vs. Mary Shelley s Frankenstein3235 Words   |  13 PagesFebruary 2015 Frankenstein vs. Mary Shelley Frankenstein is one of the most influential books in gothic literature. The author of this masterpiece is Mary Shelley; her complicated life influenced her to write Frankenstein. Most wonder why Mary Shelley chose to write Frankenstein and what influenced her. Mary Shelley’s early life was challenging and it had an impact on her writing. Her trip to Scotland changed her morals and love life inclined the events within her novel. World events within Mary Shelley’sRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Bride Of Frankenstein Essay2445 Words   |  10 Pagesauthor s story can take readers away on a magic carpet ride, to a magical castle that anything can happen in Britain, even through a wardrobe to a land far away and draft them in the battle of a lifetime. But what is even more fascinating is that unlike humans, the words on the page never changes. From this moment to 200 years from now, the words on this page will always be the same, it is only the reader and the world around them that changes. Take for example Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. In 1818Read MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1184 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Frankenstein, Mary Shelley uses a ‘framed narrative using three different characters who tell their story at different times of the novel. In the beginning of the story, the audience receives Captain Walton s point of view, who primarily writes letters to his sister Margaret Saville, in England. Secondly, the audience comes hand in hand with Victor Frankenstein s point of view and within his narrative, they receive the indomitable Creature s point of view. The major theme portrayedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1589 Words   |  7 PagesExtended Response (Q2) - Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Rachel .Corrie The perspective, from which a story is told, causes an influential response from readers to certain issues, characters and conflicts that are found in literary texts. Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein, was published in 1818 and tells the story of a scientist known as Victor Frankenstein who reanimates life in an unethical science experiment. In this novel Walton, Victor and the creature tell their sideRead MoreComparing Mary Shelley s Frankenstein919 Words   |  4 PagesThere are parells between Mary Shelley s Frankenstein and quotes from William Blake s â€Å"Proverbs of Hell†. A person can notice this when taking certain quotes from â€Å"Proverbs of Hell† and applying these quotes to Mary Shelley s Frankenstein. A person can interpret how Victor Frankenstein and other charters seem to experience at different time certain proverbs from hell. This is because though out the story Victor is experiencing his own hell brought on by his fascination with Nat ural PhilosophyRead MoreThe Myth Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesfiction, Frankenstein. Shelley’s Frankenstein was deeply influenced by the Prometheus myth ranging from the history of the title, the action of the main character, and the consequences of performing the action. When the book was first published, Mary Shelley gave a hint of the Prometheus origin in the name of the book. Her original title in 1818 for this book was called â€Å"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.† After the overwhelming success of Frankenstein in 1818, Percy Shelley, Mary Shelley’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1088 Words   |  5 PagesCreature’s Argument In the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the Creature s only need is for a female companion, which he asks Victor Frankenstein his maker to create. Shelley shows the argument between the creature and Frankenstein. The creature says: I demand a creature of another sex, but as hideous as myself (Shelley 139). Shelley shows what the creature wants from Frankenstein and what his needs are. Shelley gives us an idea of the sympathy that Frankenstein might feel for the creature evenRead MoreMary Wollstonecraft Shelley s Frankenstein915 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein By: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley The fictional story of Frankenstein written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley in 1816 was adapted into a graphic novel in 2008 to reimagine this literary masterpiece to appease the modern reader s of the world. The story of the novel follows an explorer from europe towards the arctic circle to discover a great discovery to become famous. As they reach the arctic, they meet Victor Frankenstein stuck on a piece of floating ice. After saving him Mr. FrankensteinRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1117 Words   |  5 Pages Intro One rainy night in Austria the idea of the to be famous novel, Frankenstein came to Mary shelly in a dream. The idea to write a ghost story was not her own but Lord Byrons , a friend who was also summer sojourning with Mary and her husband Percy Shelley. Mary Shelley was 16 at the time and The story of Frankenstein was then published two years later in 1818. The tale takes place somewhere in the 18th century a time rich with romantic movement ideas, french revolution aftermath, gothicRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesanimals and insects. Another popular science is the study of people and how they work. In Mary Shelley s Frankenstein, Dr. Victor Frankenstein is a scientist who studies inspiring the dead. He wants to be the first person to give life to a dead human being. all their time to focus on this goal renounces his family and friends passed, and. When finally this is achieved, everything crumbles. So, Victor Frankenstein is to bl ame for the tragedy, not the monster he has created, because he is the mastermind

Are Cochlear Implants Necessary - 1294 Words

Majority of the world that we live in, people are constantly reminded what is normal by society. The world is run by big businesses and corporation that are usually visually dominant, however without hearing it is viewed as a major disadvantage to the hearing world. Kent State University compiled an accurate definition of the deaf community â€Å" those [of] deaf and hard of hearing individuals who share a common language, common experience and values, and a common way of interacting with each other, and with hearing people.† The deaf community is viewed by the hearing world as an official handicap since they deviate from what is considered normal. Many of the deaf communities have enforced the young and informed the parents to avoid getting†¦show more content†¦Or even a deaf person that is able to hear voices, pick out music notes with hearing aids. They usually will recommend cochlear implants for the profoundly death. However from the HLAA (Hearing Loss Associatio n of America) discussed that â€Å"About one-fourth of the overall range of outcome can be explained based on the length of deafness and about one-sixth of depends on the word understanding capabilities prior to implantation. Other patient, ear and device variables demonstrated no significant correlations with the benefit achieved with respect to speech recognition.† Meaning cochlear implants are still an unperfected machinery to help all deaf humans. Some of Bowen’s friends from the deaf community still refuses to receive the surgical implant because they fear how their deaf family and community would feel about them receiving. Chris, one of Bowen’s friends stated â€Å" The reason why we still haven’t gotten the implant is because the deaf culture is where we belong with our own sets of social beliefs, language, customs, and even history. The hearing world views deafness as an impairment, however the deaf community learned how to encourage and embrace deafness as something more.† The way I saw it, the hearing world saw it has a disease, imperfection that needs to be cured, but with the cure at hand it can lead to a complete ethnocide. I sat down with Bowen and we started debating whether it was the right choice to receive theShow MoreRelatedThe Deaf Child Should Not Be Legal1227 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"A cochlear implant is a surgically implanted device that is capable of restoring hearing and s peech understanding to many individuals who are severely or profoundly deaf† (Tucker, 1998, pg. 6). The deaf child should be the one to consent to a cochlear implant regardless of their age. Receiving an implant at a younger age rather than waiting until the child grows older means easier development of speech and hearing (Sound and Fury). If they would like to gain the ability to hear and have the capacityRead MoreSwot Analysis : Strategic Management1611 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In this era of world, it is necessary to be updated about all perspectives to run an organization. Organization can do different analysis such as PESTLE, Porter five forces, Value chain; to know the market demand and essentially of the products. On the other hand, Organization should have their strategies and knowledge about the market. Strategic management is the process to get different terms of planning, monitoring, analysing and assessments which are necessary to operate an organization. InRead MoreThe African American Healthcare Gap1654 Words   |  7 Pagesheard about cochlear implants from their black counterparts, but were informed by medical professionals instead. The study was not to pointe the blame on medical professionals, insurances, and/ or physicians, but to take a deeper view of why is it that African Americans seem to lag behind in the healthcare improvement when new services and technologies are presented to them. Yet, as it stands, for the University of Cincinnati Physicians clinic – ENT department, 95% of the cochlear implants performedRead MoreThe American Piloted Space Program1302 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial endeavor that was the Space Race. The budget for manned space travel, from its genesis until present day, totaled $486 billion. Now, according to the World Health Organization, this is 91% of the capital needed to pay the $535 billion necessary to once and for all solve clean water problems worldwide and consequently stop all waterborne illness. Therefore, had the U.S. government funneled its money into foreign aid instead of boosting its own self-image through the gimmick of manned spaceRead MoreDeafness80 5 Words   |  4 Pagesit can facilitate interactions with the hearing world. ( Cochlear implants, TTY, TTY-to-voice Relay, Fax, Computer e-mail, vibrating pagers, wireless internet services etc.) Even with the technologic advances provided by cochlear implants, implantation is not enough. A cochlear implant does not make a child who is profoundly deaf into a normal listener and speaker. Intervention is necessary in order to teach children with cochlear implants to make sense of what they are now hearing. This is whereRead MoreElectroacoustic hearing: Using residual acoustic hearing to address the shortcomings of1300 Words   |  6 PagesElectroacoustic hearing: Using residual acoustic hearing to address the shortcomings of traditional cochlear implants Ian Power Heather Power LING 2P91- Brock University April 2014 Introduction On March 20, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first hybrid device to combine a cochlear implant (CI) with traditional amplification (USFDA, 2014). In theory, electroacoustic stimulation (EAS) allows users to take advantage of the strengths of both hearing aids (HAs)Read MoreIs Deafness a Disability or a Way of Living?1593 Words   |  7 Pageshearing impairments have hearing parents, their family members frequently oppress them by taking over the decision-making processes regarding their well-being (Andrews 27). For example, the use of cochlear implants has been a significant source of conflict among families of deaf persons. Cochlear implants are devices that aid in the complete or partial â€Å"restoration of speech understanding to [various] individuals who are severely or profoundly deaf† (Tucker 1). Evidently, most hearing parents wishRead MoreBaby Justice Cannot Hear836 Words   |  3 Pagesthe ear canal and eardrum and then to electrical pulses presented to the brain by various hearing nerves (Robert Siegler, 2011). The brain analyzes these electrical impulses into the sensation of hearing (Robert Siegler, 2011). Damage to the cochlear implant results in â€Å"sensory neural hearing loss† indicating that the ear has trouble translating sound waves into signals that can be analyzed by the brain (Robert Siegler, 2011). Justice’s wildcard of limited hearing in her left ear will surely affectRead MoreThe, The Branch Of Science And Medicine Concerned With The Sense Of Hearing1060 Words   |  5 Pageshearing.) This program includes Paediatric Diagnostic Hearing Assessments, which are necessary to find out whether a child is deaf or losing their hearing. It is ideal to pick up on deafness in it s earliest stages, so using this technology on newborns is significantly beneficial. Another program that runs in the audiology services, is the Cochlear Implants Program. First, the child is tested to see if a cochlear implant is suitable for their situation. Once they ve been stated eligible for the processRead MoreThe Importance of Having Health Insurance2385 Words   |  9 Pagesconditions that causes barriers to accessing, maintaining, or returning to employment or any other useful job. The number of people that suffer from hearing loss is so high that Audiological Devices Market (a manufacturer of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other hearing devices) was valued at $6.2 billion in 2011 and is forecasted to be valued at approximately $8.6 billion by 2018 due to higher demands. (Wall Street Journal) I think pretty much anyone that could hear better by using a hearing

Writing and Hortatory Exposition Free Essays

string(62) " When these products are thrown away, the resources are lost\." ?APTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Problem Discussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Hortatory Exposition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion is not limited to controversial issues – although polarized views may make it easier to teach completing a for-and-against ‘skeleton’ to bring issues from another area of the curriculum into literacy learning) Expository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author’s subject to the reader Analytical exposition is one of classified type and to present arguments for supporting the issued thesis, analytical will end with a re-iterat Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way, and also hortatory will try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the writer’s idea. B. Solving Problem Remember that is large enough about the paper about discussion text and expository text, so that the writer limits to discuss this paper below: 1. What is definition of discussion text? 2. What this general structure of discussion texts? 3. What this Language feature of discussion texts? 4. What is definition of expository texts? 5. What is different between analytical exposition and hortatory exposition? C. Propose of Discussion 1. We can explain about discussion text 2. We can define about structure of discussion text 3. We can define about expository text 4. We can differ between analytical exposition and hortatory exposition CAPTER II DISCUSSION DISCUSSION TEXS AND EXPOSITORY TEXS A. DISCUSSION TEXS 1. Definition and purpose of discussion texts Discussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed. One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking about rather than blatantly telling the reader what is being discussed. Discussion texts generally make use of formal and impersonal language to demonstrate objectivity. They can sometimes combine other modes of communication (visual images, diagrams) with written text in order to present the range of viewpoints and the evidence for them. Discussion is not limited to controversial issues – although polarized views may make it easier to teach completing a for-and-against ‘skeleton’ to bring issues from another area of the curriculum into literacy learning). In contrast, critically evaluative responses to a text may lead to a discussion of subtleties within it. The purpose of this texts is to discussion presents differing opinion, viewpoint or perspectives on an issue, enabling the leader to explore different ideas before making an informed decision. 2. Structure of discussion texts. There are four parts of discussion texts, such as: a. A statement of position supplying necessary background information. In this case, a discussion begins with a brief introduction describing the situation. This Introduction recognizes that there are two foints of view. b. Arguments for an supporting evidence. In this case, the next view paragraphs elaborate the arguments for the issue, based on researching, surveying or interviewing people. c. Arguments against and supporting evidence. In this case, the next set of paragraphs describes the arguments against the issue, based on researching, surveying or interviewing people. Each paragraph should be clearly structured with a topic sentence supported by details. The supporting material could be reported speech reflecting comments. Specialist who has responded to the issue, or supporting evidence from research or surveys. Thinking and action verbs are used to persuasively establish and evaluate each argument. d. A Recommendation or conclusions. In this case, the discussion ended by presenting a personal point of view before concluding. A recommendation or conclusions sometimes sums up both side of the argument if they are fairly balanced or can recommend one arguments over the other if the evidence is overwhelming. 3. Language feature of discussion texts. There some language features of discussion texts are often used but not always such as: a. Use of Simple present tense b. Use of Generic participants. Example: people; scientists; smokers c. Use of Logical connectives to link argument.Example: therefore, however d. Use of general nouns to make specific statement Example: Machines, cars and many other e. Use of Emotive language f. Use of relating verbs. Example: is, g. Use of thinking verbs that express a personal point of view. Example: consider, contemplate h. Use of conjunctions to link clauses. Example: but, and, while, when. And many others. i. Use of detailed noun group. Example: j. Use of varying degrees of certainty ( modality ) Example: k. Use of adverbs of manner. Example: honestly, badly and many others. l. Use of abstract and terminology. m. Use of saying verbs to quote. n. Use of quote and reported speech. Example: Mr white, when interviewed said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ o. Use of factual adjective p. Use of adjective expressing an opinion Example: horrifying advantage q. Use of comparative adjective Example: significant, more significant, most significant From the language features above it’s easy for us to make or understand about discussion texts. 4. Here some examples of discussion texts Convenience or Care? When something issued by someone, we say it has been consumed. We as consumers use many things, both natural and processed. We consume more of the Earth’s resources than other animals do and, as a result, we cause problems for the environment. Like all animals, we need clean air and water, food and shelter for survival. Unlike other animals, however, we have certain â€Å"want†. These are items that are not necessary for our survival, but that we want because they make our lives easier or more enjoyable. Environments claims that a great deal of waste is created by both the production and the consumption of these items or product. Disposable products, such a pens, take away food containers, plates, shavers and cutlery, are made using the Earth’s resources. When these products are thrown away, the resources are lost. Another example of waste is the unnecessary packaging on many products. The material is often not recycled and used again. Throwing thing away also increases pollution. The amount of disposable plastic litter that ends up in waterways is a serious problem. When this waste reaches the oceans, it can kill marine life. Industrialist counters these arguments with their own point of view. They claim that consumer’s expect to be able to purchase food which is attractively presented, prepackaged to extent its life and easy to store. In a busy society, convenience is a priority. Products which make life easier, era in demand. Industrialist argues that they cater to this perceived need. Packaging is also big business and provides jobs for many people who might otherwise be unemployed and a burden to society. Environmentalist declares that for thousands of year, people survived perfectly well with re-usable products. However, people of the twenty-first century have become used to wing in a ‘thrown-away’ society. It is up to each one of us to dispose of waste products carefully, recycle as much as possible and to reduce the stress on our environment. Think when buying pre-packaged goods and consider whether the same products can be bought without the extra wrappings. Let’s make the best of what we have. 5. EXPOSITORY TEXT Expository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author’s subject to the reader. Expository text is meant to deposit information and is the most frequently used type of writing by students in elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities. A well-written exposition remains focused on its topic and lists events in chronological order. There are two kinds of expository texts, such as: 1. Analytical Exposition Text A. Definitions Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter or to persuade the reader or listener that something is the case. Analytical exposition is one of classified type and to present arguments for supporting the issued thesis, analytical will end with a re-iteration. And also will try to influence the reader by presenting some argument to prove that the writer’ idea is important. B. General structure of Analytical Exposition This places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different is a)Thesis is introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position, it’s mean that pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. b)Argument 1 is explaining the argument to support the writer’s position, it’s presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. c)Argument 2 is explaining the other arguments the writer’s position. d)Reiteration is restating the writer’s position, the end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It’s something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. C. Significant Lexica grammatical Features a)Use of simple present tense b)Use of relational processes c)Use of internal conjunction to state argument d)Reasoning through causal conjunction or nominalization. D. Example of analytical exposition Is smoking well for us? Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking. Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smoking are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers. Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes. Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else. From the example above, we can determine that in this pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. The writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit. In the paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who don’t smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for cigarette companies. 2. Expository Hortatory Exposition. a.Definition of hortatory exposition Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way, and also hortatory will try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the writer’s idea. b. General structure of hortatory exposition There are three structure of Hortatory Exposition such as: a)Thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and argument. In the end it can be true or false. b)Arguments is the phase which thy to examine and support that the thesis stated above is true. c)Recommendation, this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory text. This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition. c. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition a)Focusing on the writer b)Using abstract noun are policy, advantage many other. c)Using action verb d)Using thinking verb e)Using modal adverb are certainly, surely and many other. f)Using temporal connective words are like important, valuable, and trustworthy and many others. g)Using passive voice h)Using simple present tense. d. Example of Hortatory Exposition Why Should Wearing a Helmet When Motorcycling We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people talking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess. Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a rider’s life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles. Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to other, it means a lot of and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various styles, such as beanie, Shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road. However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it property. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without setting them property. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and comfort. From the example of above, we can understand that in the first paragraph is thesis. the importance of wearing helmet which is stated in the first paragraph†. The second paragraph is argumentative because of wearing helmet gives a total protection and giving a chance in imaging self form of argumentative. The last paragraph is form of recommendation, we can know from bik ers should wear helmet property to get the benefit. ? CAPTER III CONCLUTION Discussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed. The purpose of this texts is to discussion presents differing opinion, viewpoint or perspectives on an issue, enabling the leader to explore different ideas before making an informed decision. Expository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author’s subject to the reader. Expository text is meant to deposit information and is the most frequently used type of writing by students in elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities. Analytical exposition is one classified type as hortatory exposition in text genre. Both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition present arguments for supporting the issued thesis. What makes them different from one to each other is the last stage of the text, which the analytical exposition will end with a re-iteration. In the other hand, hortatory will close the essay with a recommendation. How to cite Writing and Hortatory Exposition, Essays

”The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka Essay Sample free essay sample

Even before Gregor. the chief character of The Metamorphosis transforms into a horrid bug. he was already alienated from his household. His disaffection from the household was a long procedure. As a going salesman he had to take attention of the whole household with profound weight on his shoulders. Gregor’s dampening occupation and his personal disaffection was the cause of his transmutation. One twenty-four hours. when Gregor woke up he found himself turned into a man-sized insect. Everything is phantasmagoric. He realizes he can non travel to work with his grotesque characteristics. Gregor’s director shows up and wants to happen out what had happened to him. After being begged by the household and director. he exits his room. frightening the director off. The household is disgusted by him. which makes him even more sad. They are judging him by his expressions. They think he is non Gregor any longer. We will write a custom essay sample on †The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They would neer believe they contributed to his metabolism. but they truly did. Gregor’s sleeping room is besides something that contributed to his transmutation. because it was soiled and he was ever depressed in it. With a image of a miss in pelt. this shows his deficiency of a durable relationship. In the first chapter Gregor’s sister. Grete. was the lone 1 who cared about him. and took attention of him. nevertheless as clip goes by. her involvement towards Gregor is melting off. Because of the deficiency of attention. Gregor starts acting more like an insect and starts acquiring used to his new organic structure. â€Å"Gregor had become much calmer† . ( Kafka. 13 ) . As the household becomes more objectionable. his humanity is melting off more and more every twenty-four hours. His Mother and Grete takes out the furniture from his room so he has infinite to creep. It shows how they don’t appreciate him any longer. They don’t attention that he is an insect and they don’t truly want to assist him alter back into a human. He may be a bug at first expressions. but is a human interior. â€Å"The lesion on Gregor’s back began to ache afresh when female parent and sister†¦sat cheek to cheek†¦ ( with Gregor’s door shut ) † ( Kafka. 40 ) . He has lesions because his male parent was throwing apples at him. However. it was non truly the lesions on his organic structure pain. but the lesions of his psyche. At this point. he still hopes. that someday he will turn back into homo. He does non desire to give up on life. â€Å"The sister thinks of Gregor as an portents who wants the household to â€Å"sleep in the gutter† ( Kafka. 49 ) . In world. he has been the one giving them luxuries. Now. they have alienated him. doing him to travel through the phases of depression. Like Unifinished Business by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. Gregor trades with a depression-like disease taking to his decease. He revolves around his acknowledge of the metabolism being phantasmagoric. to going enraged and get downing to make mayhem. to sadness. to acceptance that led to his decease. By the terminal. his household told him. he must go forth. because they can non take his presence any longer. Gregor was neer truly transformed into an insect. because he was still himself from the interior. But his household went through a existent metabolism. They were the 1s who turned into gross outing †animals† . Because how they behaved. was laughably gross outing. After he had to go forth. he gave up on life. â€Å"Outside the window. everything was get downing to turn visible radiation ( Kafka. 51 ) . This means. everything was get downing to turn light outside. but indoors where he was everything started to be â€Å"dark† . he merely wanted to decease. His decease made his household happy. they became independent. they Thanked God. he took him off from them. Gregor was set as a monster. Although he was merely a adult male who helped his household whatever happened. worked long hours. and was a beautiful individual. His household was who drived him loony. and this daftness turned him into a bug. He was a bug. with the interior of a human. The household was the 1 who turned into â€Å"disgusting bugs† from the interior. but had human features on the exterior. Don’t justice a book by it’s screen. because maybe it is beautiful from the outside. but the interior is â€Å"rotting† . And besides. it is possible that somethingsomeone isn’t the prettiest thing you have of all time seen. but possibly the interior is cherished.

Sales and Marketing Strategies of Elfora Agro

Sales and Marketing Strategies of Elfora Agro-Industries Plc Essay A Project Report on MARKETING AND SALES STRATEGIES OF ELFORA AGRO-INDUSTRIES PLC A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) in The Department of Management By: GETINET HAILU Under the Supervision of: Dr. Rakesh Belwal Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Economics Addis Ababa University July 2007 Addis Ababa Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Title: Marketing and Sales Strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. By: Getinet Hailu Faculty of Business and Economics MBA Program Approved by Board of Examiners _________________________ Advisor _______________________ Signature ________________________ Examiner _______________________ Signature ________________________ Examiner _______________________ Signature ________________________ Examiner _______________________ Signature Dr. Rakesh Belwal Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Economics Addis Ababa University CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Getinet Hailu has worked on â€Å"Marketing and Sales Strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc† under my supervision. This work is original in nature and it is suitable for submission in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Business Administration. ____________________ Dr. Rakesh Belwal DECLARATION I, Getinet Hailu Adera, declare that the study entitled â€Å"Marketing and Sales Strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc† is the result of my own effort in research undertaking. The study has not been submitted to any Degree or Diploma in any college or university. It is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Master of Business Administration. ____________________ Getinet Hailu ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I, first of all would like to thank Dr. Arega Yirdaw, Chief Executive Officer, MIDROC Ethiopia, for allowing me to conduct my study on one of the MIDROC Group companies, ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc, and for facilitating for unreserved access to the company data. I am also deeply grateful to Dr. Rakesh Belwal, for his unreserved guidance, inv aluable assistance and constructive comments. Particularly I am deeply touched by his kindness, quick response and relentless hard work and advice. Thanks again to my advisor, Dr. Rakesh, for the long hours he spent over the weekends in making this research a success. I also would like to thank Ato Getachew Hagos, General Manager of ELFORA AgroIndustries Plc, for his wholehearted support during the entire period of my postgraduate study. A special tribute goes to members of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc, W/ro Tahsas Wondimneh, the manager of local marketing and sales, Ato Bekele Wolde, manager of foreign marketing and sales, and Ato Wondwossen Tadesse, manager of customer service, for sparing their precious time for interview and providing invaluable information for the conduct of the study. Special gratitude goes to my best friends, Million Kibret, Bereket Asheber, and Alemayehu Takele for providing me with relevant reference materials for the project preparation and moral support during the entire period of the postgraduate program. Last but not least, my appreciation and indebtedness goes to my entire family and all individuals for their strong backing and overall assistance without which my entire study of the postgraduate program would have not been successful. i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: 1. 1 Overview 1. 2 Company Background 1. 3 Statement of the Problem 1. Objective of the Study 1. 5 Methodology 1. 6 Scope of the Study 1. 7 Significance of the Study 1. 8 Limitations of the Study INTRODUCTION Page 1 3 5 7 7 8 9 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 History of Agriculture and Agro-Industry in Africa and Ethiopia 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 2. 2. 4 2. 2. 5 2. 2. 6. Ancient Agricultural Practice in Africa Modern Agriculture in Africa Ethiopiaâ€⠄¢s Potential for Agriculture Recent Economic Policy Environment MIDROC’s Involvement in the Agro-Industrial Sector Situation Analysis at ELFORA 11 12 12 15 20 23 25 26 ii CHAPTER THREE: Page DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 3. 1 Domestic Market Demand Characteristics 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 2 Livestock and Livestock Products Domestic Demand for Canned Food Products 29 29 35 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 44 46 47 48 48 49 3. 2 Domestic Market Supply Characteristics 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 3 3. 2. 4 Beef and Mutton Poultry Products Canned Meat Products Canned Vegetable Products 3. 3 Competition and Market Share 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 3. 3. 5 Beef and Mutton Poultry Meat Table Eggs Canned Meat Products Canned Vegetable Products 3. 4 General Factors Affecting Domestic Demand for Livestock Products 3. Marketing and Sales Problems in the Domestic Market 3. 5. 1 3. 5. 2 3. 5. 3 3. 5. 4 Distribution Outlets/Niche Markets Supply Consistency and Product Delivery System Scale of Operation Raw Materials Availability iii 3. 5. 5 Price Competitiveness 49 51 53 54 62 3. 6 Export Market 3. 6. 1 3. 6. 2 3. 6. 3 The Middle East Market Characteristics Ethiopia’s Export Performance o f Livestock and Meat Products Export Performance of ELFORA CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1 Conclusion 4. 2 Recommendations 64 66 Bibliography iv List of Tables Table 1. 1 Table 3. 1 Table 3. 2 Table 3. Table 3. 4 Table 3. 5 Table 3. 6 Financial Performance of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc Estimated Livestock Off-Take Distribution of Livestock Off-Take Actual and Forecasted Consumption of Beef and Mutton Annual Supplies of Beef by Abattoirs Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products by Catering Services Actual and Forecasted Demand for Livestock Products in Addis Ababa 33 33 6 29 30 31 32 32 Table 3. 7 Actual and Forecasted Domestic Consumption of Livestock Products Table 3. 8 Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products in Addis Ababa as Estimated based on Three Sources 34 Table 3. Table 3. 10 Table 3. 11 Table 3. 12 Table 3. 13 Table 3. 14 Table 3. 15 Table 3. 16 Production and Supply of canned Meat Products Commercial Supplies of Beef and Mutton Commercial Supplies of P oultry Meat Commercial Supplies of Table Eggs Supplies of Tomato Paste Imports of Live Animals and Meat Products by Selected Middle East Countries Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1986-1993) in Tons Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1986-1993) in Birr 39 40 41 41 43 52 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 Table 3. 7 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1994-2001) in Tons Table 3. 18 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1994-2001) in Birr Table 3. 19 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products By Product Destination in Kg Table 3. 20 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products Table 3. 21 Total imports of livestock and meat products by selected Middle east countries v List of Figures Figure 1. 1 Figure 1. 2 Composition of GDP by Industrial Origin Factors Affecting Level of ROI 2 9 vi ABSTRACT The main purpose of the research was to analyze the marketing and sales strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. Since its establishment, the company’s profitability and return on investment has been very low, even when it is compared to the current bank saving rate of 4%. The study tried to identify the major marketing and sales problems that contributed to such unsatisfactory level of financial performance. In order to address those problem issues, the researcher conducted interview with the relevant company managers and referred secondary data sources. The collected data and information were compiled and analyzed for possible indications of problem areas. It was found that the main marketing and sales factors that contributed to the low profit level to be the under utilization of existing production and auxiliary facilities, inconsistency in product supply and delivery, inadequate and inconsistent demand for some of the company’s products, high cost of production due to low capacity utilization and untimely purchase of raw material inputs, which resulted in higher prices than competitors leading to loss of market share. It was finally recommended a series of measures that the company should take in order to improve the current situation. These measures will ultimately provide the company with the advantage of cost-leadership that will strengthen its market position in terms of market share, price competitiveness, and eventual customer satisfaction. vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1 OVERVIEW Ethiopia is a country endowed with a long history of an independent statehood. It has a landmass of 113 million hectares. Its strategic location at the center of the Horn of Africa renders it a bridge between Asia and Africa. Its physical proximity to the vast and rich Middle East markets offers opportunities that are yet to be exploited. Ethiopia is also a country that is endowed with abundant natural resources. Mineral resources including precious gold, platinum and base metals are being discovered in quantities sufficient to render the deposits economically feasible. Its huge water resources remain largely untapped. With a population of 75 million (CSA, 2005), Ethiopia is the third most populous country in Africa after Nigeria and Egypt. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Economy. It accounts for the bulk of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs about 80 percent of the population. Agriculture is subject to chronic cyclical drought, which has affected the stability and rate of overall economic growth. Exports are dominated by coffee, the price of which has been on the decline in recent years. On a sector-by-sector basis, the share of agriculture in GDP declined marginally from 49. 8 percent in 2000/01 to 48. 8 percent in 2001/02 and to 44. 8 percent in 2002/03. The share of agricultural GDP increased to 47. 4 percent in 2003/04 and averaged 48 percent for the 1 period as a whole. Such fluctuations in the share of agriculture in GDP results not from structural changes but is due to periodic fluctuations in agricultural production arising from aberrations in weather conditions which affects crop production (CSA, 2005). Manufacturing industry has historically been weak and its growth has remained insignificant with contribution to GDP averaging 13 percent in recent years. On the other hand, the share of the services sector in GDP has been rising and peaked at 41. 5 percent in 2002/03. Industry and the services sectors registered considerable recovery over the five-year period with growths averaging about 4. percent and 5 percent, respectively. Industry and the services sectors together accounted for 53 percent of GDP and agriculture accounting for the remaining 47 percent in 2003/04. Figure 1. 1 below shows the composition of GDP by industrial origin (CSA 2005). Figure 1. 1: Composition of GDP by Industrial Origin 40% 47% Agriculture Industry Services 13% Data S ource: Central Statistics Agency CSA 2005. It is clear that the industrial sector is well behind both the agriculture and service sectors. When we further analyze the composition of the industry sector, we find that the share of the manufacturing sub-sector is only 5. percent of the total GDP in 2003/04. 2 The development of the manufacturing sector plays a vital role in the country’s economy in three ways: (a) the value addition process creates job opportunities for local citizens, thereby reducing the level of unemployment; (b) products manufactured locally will have a substitute effect for imports of some manufactured products, thereby saving foreign currency; (c) it would be possible to export value added products instead of raw agricultural products, thereby earning a higher foreign currency from exports. The development of the domestic market for agro-industrial products is the first step that paves way for the export market. All market-related issues such as product quality, packaging, consistent delivery, pricing, etc. need to be first developed and exercised in the domestic market. This will help strengthen the domestic market position, which ultimately enables the local companies to be able to supply and become competitive in the international market. The foregoing analysis indicates that the manufacturing sector (including food processing) needs considerable attention. Private sectors such as ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc play a vital role in adding value on the agricultural products by expanding the agro-processing plants already at hand and/or establishing new ones. 1. 2 COMPANY BACKGROUND ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc is a company engaged in the production and sales of livestock and livestock products, poultry products, and crop products. The Company was established in 1997 by acquiring eight separate livestock enterprises and farms through the privatization process (ELFORA Brochure, 2007). 3 The company was licensed in February 1998 with a registered capital of Birr 100 million. It currently employs over 1500 permanent and contract employees and over 1500 casual and seasonal workers. The word ‘ELFORA’ is made up of two Borena Oromo words; â€Å"Ela†- meaning well-water and â€Å"Fora†- meaning cattle grazing area, thus signifying production of high quality livestock and meat based on traditional pastoral grazing and water resource as well as modern ranching and feedloting without exposure to artificial feeds and chemicals. ELFORA is perhaps the largest agro-processing firm in the country so far. It owns six slaughter houses, five meat processing and canning plants, a natural quarantine for livestock (the largest in the country), a number of ranches, feedlots and holding grounds, one poultry farm, and crops farms at various locations in the country. The Company also owns several delivery vans, cold trucks, livestock transporting trucks and other vehicles used for transporting products to customers (ELFORA Brochure, 2007). With its Head Office located in Addis Ababa, ELFORA currently manages seven abattoirs and food processing plants, four crop farms, one poultry farm, and five ranches, feedlots and quarantines organized under six operational zones throughout the country. With a motto ‘ELFORA stands for Natural and Quality Products’, the company has the following mission or business purposes (ELFORA Brochure, 2007): Develop the livestock industry by producing, through natural and improved practices, high quality live animals in its own ranches, feedlots and quarantine stations. Produce and market high quality livestock and meat products to both domestic and export markets. Supply special quality chilled/frozen beef, mutton, and goat meat carcasses, beef cuts, and broiler meat to the local and overseas markets. Engage in commercial production and marketing of poultry products, including broiler chicken, portioned chicken meat, day-old chicks and table eggs. Engage in the production and marketing of cash and industrial crops for the local and export markets as well as for use by own processing and canning plants. Develop, process, and market canned meat and vegetable products for the domestic and foreign markets. Build-up a competent management and staff workmanship by constantly upgrading their skills and encouraging teamwork and a sense of belongingness. The success of business organizations such as ELFORA is determined by the ability to produce quality and marketable products and effectively make them reach the target customers. The Company owns a considerable size of production facilities (at least for now) and it needs a wider market base for its products. 1. 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Since its establishment in 1997, the Company’s profitability and return on investment has been very low and even declining. For a company with total investment of over Birr 400 million, the rate of return on total investment (ROI) has averaged only 2. 3 percent during its ten years of operation (Table 1. 1). Although there is no information available on the industry average, the ROI is even below the current minimum bank saving rate of 3. 0 percent. 5 Table 1. 1 Financial Performance of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc (1997-2006) In ‘000 Birr 997/8 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Administrative Gen. exp. Net profit Total Investment Return on Investment (%) 1999 2000 2001 98,192 62,523 35,669 41,220 2002 51,870 34,427 17,444 33,773 2003 76,817 50,092 26,725 24,001 2,724 2004 2005 2006 Total 10,857 122,848 169,186 3,242 79,622 113,875 7,615 8,527 (912) 43,226 34,134 9,092 55,311 39,703 15,608 95,673 117,421 115,207 858,070 68,883 90,828 89,135 592,6 25 26,790 24,539 2,251 26,593 24,924 1,669 26,072 265,444 25,240 256,062 832 9,383 5,551) (16,330) 371,896 371,896 371,907 398,381 398,381 403,816 403,816 403,816 403,816 403,816 -4. 10 0. 67 0. 56 0. 41 0. 21 2. 32 -0. 25 2. 44 4. 20 -1. 39 Source: Finance Service Department, ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. The low level of return on investment (ROI) is the result of a combination of various factors. Among the problem factors, the following are presented briefly: High fluctuation in demand for some products and difficulty in lanning production; Underutilization of existing capacity; Gap between time of production and demand volume resulting in supply inconsistency, loss of sales, and stocks piling up; Higher selling prices than competitors’; Inadequacy of promotional activities; Poor packaging; Occasional problems in product quality; Perishable products with short shelf-life, compelling the company to immediately sell at reduced prices; Shortage of raw materials and escalation o f input prices; Inability to purchase raw materials at the time when prices are low; Inadequacy of air space for export market; Escalation of air freight charges, making selling prices too high to be competitive in the international market; High administrative and general expenses. 6 1. 4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY As mentioned in Section 1. 3, ELFORA currently has faced with a problem of very low return on investment (ROI). The two main research questions are, therefore: What are the main marketing and sales factors contributing to such a low profit level? How can the problem factors be addressed in order to improve the current profit level? The study examines in detail the main factors that have contributed to the sub-performance with respect to profitability, and seeks ways of resolving them. The study particularly highlights the important concepts and applications of the basic marketing and sales strategies in light of the current situation of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. The main objectives of the study are to: i) Examine in detail the main problems associated with the low return. ii) Highlight major areas of marketing and sales issues that need attention. ii) Provide strategic alternatives for alleviating the major marketing and sales problems. 1. 5 METHODOLOGY 1. 5. 1 Sources of Data Both primary and secondary data have been used. The primary data and information have been obtained from the manager s of local and foreign marketing and sales departments. Data and information have also been obtained from the production personnel, particularly with respect to quality issues. The secondary data and information have been collected from all relevant materials, both published and unpublished documents, such as such as reports on production, financial statements, Company’s Performance Review document for the year 2006, and other external and internal reports. Overview of the general socio-economic environment and sectoral analysis has been extracted from the publications of Central Statistical Agency and Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. 7 1. 5. 2 Data Gathering Techniques Primary data has been gathered through interview with the local and foreign marketing and sales departments, and production personnel of the company. Relevant statistical and descriptive data and information have been extracted from the secondary data sources. 1. 5. 3 Sample Size Three major product categories have selected for analysis. These are livestock and livestock products, poultry products, and canned products. These three products account for 80-85% of domestic sales and 100% of the export sales. 1. 5. Data analysis In order to describe, analyze and integrate the data, appropriate descriptive, analytical and statistical measures were employed such as percentage comparisons and forecasting methods. 1. 6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The company produces and sel ls a wide range of agricultural products. The company’s main reason for its lower return on investment (ROI) can be cited as the under-utilization of its existing production facilities, which in turn resulted from inadequate market for the products. The demand in turn is affected by the price of the product which depends on the cost of production. Figure 1. 2 below shows the inter-dependency and effects on the ROI of the various factors just mentioned above. Because the external factors such as raw material prices, escalating air freight charges, etc. re common threats for all individual businesses in the industry, and are beyond the control of any one business in the industry, the special focus of the study is on how to improve the internal efficiency towards utilization of available 8 production capacity, attainment of cost-leadership and increasing sales volume. The accomplishment of these factors will undoubtedly help the company to improve its profitability. The scope of this study is also limited to those units and activities of ELFORA that are closely and directly related to the production, sales, and delivery of products. Lower Return on Investment (ROI) Higher Cost of Production Higher Selling Price Lower Demand Lower Sales Volume Lower Capacity Utilization Figure 1. 2: Factors Affecting Level of ROI. 1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The ultimate goal of any business establishment is to remain in business profitably through production and sale of products or services. Without optimal profit, a business firm cannot survive, let alone achieve a sustainable growth. One of the core activities in a business company is the marketing and sales activity. The ultimate success or failure of a company 9 depends on its ability to sell what it produces and continues the production-sales cycle for relatively a longer period of time. The initial investigation reveals that much has not been done on this core activity, or at least, it has been a neglected area. Tell tale heart critical analy EssayCentral Statistical Agency (CSA, 2005). Survey of Ethiopian Economy MEDAC, 1997. 9 Ministry of Agriculture, Establishment and Development, July 27, 1984. 10 A Note prepared for MIDROC Magazine, April 2000. 21 camels. 11 In fact, Ethiopia is the first in Africa and tenth in the world in the size of its livestock population. Despite this potential, however, the agricultural sector remains underdeveloped. With a population of about 75 million,12 Ethiopia is the third most populous country in Africa. In terms of land resources, Ethiopia is the ninth largest country in Africa. In terms of livestock resources, the country is the first in Africa and tenth in the world. With all these resources and the huge diversity of plant and animal species, Ethiopia is by far better than most African countries. Ethiopia is basically an agricultural and pastoral country. In light of the population size, Ethiopia could be considered as a country of small-scale, family-based farmers with subsistence agriculture. This form of agriculture is an old form of production. Even today, this method of farming is by far the most important forms of production, constituting the bulk of the Ethiopian agriculture. This dominant practice of agriculture is known as mixed farming of the highlands where both crops and livestock production are integrated. 13 In the mixed farming method, crop production is diversified and involves limited intercropping. While the farms are generally permanent, continuous cropping is made possible by crop rotation. The system is characterized by fragmented, small-size land with average holdings less than one hectare per household. Production is subsistence oriented, i. e. minimizing risks of failure in the face of unpredictable natural (mainly weather) conditions. Production techniques are very traditional. Use of modern inputs is very low and 11 12 CSA, Agricultural Sample Survey, 2005/06. Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2005). 13 A Note prepared for MIDROC Magazine, April 2000. 22 roductivity of both labour and land is very low. Lack of investment resources and moisture stress are the most critical problems of the farm. Pastoral farming is common in the lowlands of the country. It is dominant in terms of area coverage but produces less than the mixed farming. In the pastoral areas, herds include cattle, sheep, goat and camel. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless sufficient efforts can be made to develop agriculture. On the other hand, the resource base to rapidly increase agricultural production is very promising but the constraints to develop the sector are immense. 2. 2. Recent Economic Policy Environment After the present government took power in 1991, it adopted a market-driven economy. The new government was quick to introduce policy and institutional reforms in the 1990s encompassing fiscal, financial, exchange rate, trade and industry, management of public resources and enterprises. In the early 1990s, the Government introduced a comprehensive program of structural reform under pressure from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Those reforms included the structural adjustment program of the World Bank and the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) of the International Monetary Fund. Many of the reform measures were financially supported by the country’s development partners, both bilateral and multilateral. Not all reform measures were strongly pursued, however, and some of the intended reforms have been slow or have failed to take root. Even though, during the past two decades, there admittedly has been a sharp fall in the dominant role of 23 the public sector in economic activities, public ownership continues to remain high in key sectors of the economy including, manufacturing industry (textiles, steel, sugar), the construction industry, telecommunications, air transport, banking, etc. In the 1990s, the Government initiated a program for privatization of state-owned enterprises and established a Privatization Agency for the purpose. It also embarked on a program of retrenching excess personnel in state-owned enterprises. However, the slow divestiture of state-owned enterprises has left the Government with problems associated with numerous state-owned enterprises which are either not efficient or non-performing altogether. This has, among other things, drained the banking system of financial resources resulting from large backlogs of unrecoverable loans. In some instances, bad debts are being covered by the Government. The practice is neither desirable nor sustainable and underpins the need for a concerted drive towards privatization of the remaining public enterprises still in government hands. At the turn of the Millennium the Government shifted its development strategy from the structural adjustment program and ASAP of the 1990s to a poverty reduction program, also initiated by the same institutions behind the structural adjustment program and ASAP. The Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP), as it is called, aims at promoting growth and alleviating poverty. The program rests on four pillars, as it were, comprising agricultural-development-led industrialization (ADLI) and food security; justice and civil service reform, governance, decentralization and empowerment and capacity building which predate the SDPRP. The program focuses on the following major areas: agriculture which is the source of livelihood for upwards of 85 percent of the population where the bulk of the poor live; agriculture is also believed to be a 24 otential source to generate primary surplus for growth of other sectors of the economy (industry); strengthening private sector gro wth and development, especially in industry as means of achieving off-farm employment and output growth; rapid export growth by increasing the production of high value agricultural products and increased support to export oriented manufacturing sectors particularly intensified processing of high quality skins/leather and textile garment; deepening and strengthening the decentralization process to shift decision-making closer to grass-root levels, to improve responsiveness and service delivery; improving governance to empower the poor and create a conducive environment for private sector growth and development; 2. 2. 5 MIDROC’S Involvement in the agro-Industrial Sector Basically, the private sector is made up of ventures or enterprises in which the capital is provided and the risk borne by individuals as against the public or the government. Private companies can be owned by both local and foreign investors. In terms of technology, finance and market outlets, the foreign private investment has much to offer, provided that it is applied sensibly within the local environment. In many developing countries, the private sector is involved in agri-business, mainly in the plantation sector, the supply of inputs and the trading of export commodities. Despite the apparent attributes of the private sectors, their participation in the developing countries has been limited. This is naturally a question of business risk and choice. The private investor can choose where to invest his or her resources, and in general will choose where the risk is lowest, or the profit to risk ratio is highest. MIDROC Ethiopia’s investment objectives go beyond this: it is based on the owner’s commitment to the economic 25 development of the country of his birth place, Ethiopia. ELFORA is one of the investments made based on such commitment. 2. 2. 6 Situation Analysis at ELFORA Despite the vast opportunity and potential in Ethiopia for agribusiness, ELFORA has not obtained as much benefit as proportional to the level of investment it has made. In fact, when we consider the social and economic benefit to the country, it created job opportunity for over 3000 citizens and the government also collects employment income tax from these employees. However, as a business establishment, the company needs growth and development to cope up with technological and economic changes that are now very dynamic due to globalization and development of information technology. To do so, it requires additional investment that should be generated from internal profit. It is unlikely that owners will continue pumping money into the company indefinitely unless the company designs and implements a turnaround strategy thereby providing investors with a convincing assurance that the business should continue. The question is, therefore, what should be done to improve this situation? Studies made so far have focused on the agricultural sector at the national level. Annual publications of government ministries and agencies provide data and information at the macro level. Very little research has been made on specific company issues relating to operational efficiency, marketing and sales strategies, new product development, and other areas of paramount importance for the survival and growth of the company. A recent study conducted on an agro-processing firm here in Ethiopia dealt with problems in areas of both domestic and international marketing, and the overall performance of the firm. The firm is engaged in crops and vegetable products with some of them processed and 26 packed. The study was conducted for the purpose of formation of joint venture with private investors. While the study mainly dealt with operational and technical problems within the firm as well as general issues on both domestic and international marketing, it did not provide adequate data for analysis nor mentioned any specific marketing and sales strategies to be adopted. Furthermore, the company under study in my project has its own peculiar characteristics. ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. is an already established company with a total investment of over Birr 400 million and has been operating for the last ten years. Agro-processing involves significant investments in plant and equipment, and in order to operate efficiently, these facilities should be used to full capacity year-round, every year (Kohls et al. 2005:92). Substantial investment has already been made on the existing production facilities and infrastructures. The prerequisite for maximum use of the existing production facilities is the availability of market demand sufficient to absorb the volume of products produced by these facilities. The demand for agro-industrial products always exists. The industry however is characterized by enormous competitions from both domestic and international suppliers. The process of globalization – involving global and regional economic integration driven by technological advances and trade liberalization and harmonization policies – presents both threats and opportunities for existing agro-based industries in developing and transition economies (www. unido. org/doc/5070). The penetration of the market economy into formerly isolated and remote areas opened up opportunities for raising agricultural and agro-industrial productivity, but it also posed acute challenges for countries like Ethiopia where the agroindustrial sector faced increased competition and market volatility as a result. 27 Agro-industry companies are facing intense price competitions from rival companies operating both locally and abroad. The traditional ‘cost plus’ pricing privileges enjoyed by companies are no more existing, particularly for products and services that are abundant in the market. Consequently, companies such as ELFORA need to focus on minimizing the cost of production, leaving the prices to be determined by the market forces. The main interest of this paper is therefore to look for applicable marketing and sales strategies that should be adopted, with particular reference to the existing situations in the company under study. The next chapter analyzes empirical data on the demand and supply characteristics of some of the important agricultural and agro-industrial products that are related to the current business activities of ELFORA. 28 CHAPTER THREE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The first step in any marketing study is the analysis of the market environment both in terms of demand and supply. Although ELFORA is engaged in the production and sale of a variety of agricultural and agro-industrial products, the focus of this study is on livestock and livestock products, poultry products, and canned products. These lines of products account for 80-85% of the total domestic annual sales of the company as a whole. 3. 1 DOMESTIC MARKET DEMAND CHARACTERSITICS 3. 1. 1 Livestock and Livestock Products According to Agricultural Sample Survey Report of the Central Statistical Agency (CSA 2005/06), the estimated annual livestock off take is 4. 02 million cattle (10% of the total stock of 40 million), and 10. 1 million sheep and goats (27% of the total stock of 37 million). Table 3. 1 Estimated Livestock Off -Take (2005/06) Quantity in Heads 4,022,059 6,516,183 3,616,001 Total 14,154,243 Type of Livestock Cattle Sheep Goats Source: Central Statistics Agency Agricultural Sample Survey: 2005/06 (1998 E. C. ) Volume II. Table 3. shows the total livestock off-take for the country as a whole. For the purpose of extracting the relevant market for ELFORA, further breakdown is required. A recent data on the breakdown could not be found, but Table 3. 2 below, which has been compiled from 29 interim report prepared by Ministry of Agriculture, shows the distribution of livestock offtake in 1987/88. Table 3. 2 Distribution of Estimated Livestock Off-Take (1987/88) Cattle Heads Ton* 24,000 5,000 230,000 259,000 6,000 20,000 26,000 285,000 Sheep Goats Heads Ton** 959,000 17,000 9,728,000 10,704,000 345,000 300,000 645,000 11,349,000 12,000 204 116,736 129,000 4,000 3,000 7,000 136,000 1. Domestic Market 1. 1. Addis Ababa 143,000 1. 2. Processing Plants 39,000 1. 3. Elsewhere outside Addis Ababa 1,700,000 Sub total (1) 1,882,000 2. Foreign Market 2. 1. Official Export 34,000 2. 2. Illegal Export 150,000 Sub total (2) 184,000 Total Off Take (1+2) 2,066,000 Source: Ministry of Agriculture Interim Report, 1990 Notes: (a) Human population of Addis Ababa (1987/88) (b) Human population in other areas (1987/88) (c) Total Ethiopian Population (1987/88) 1,584,000 45,526,000 47,110,000 * Conversion factors for 1. 1, 1. 2, and 1. 3 are 168, 128 and 135 kg/head, respectively; 1 ton = 1,000 kg. ** Conversion factor for 1. 1 to 1. 3 is 12 kg/head; 1 ton = 1,000 kg. Table 3. above shows that out of the estimated off-take, the domestic market absorbed the dominant share of 91% of the cattle off-take and 95% of the off-take for sheep and goats. The small surplus off-take of 9% for cattle and 5% for sheep and goats has been diverted to the export market both through official and unofficial trade. The releva nt market segment for ELFORA with respect to livestock and meat products is Addis Ababa. The city, being the nations capital and seat of various international organizations, is the prime target and the main market outlet for livestock and livestock products supplied from areas around it and further away. The focus here is, therefore, on the Addis Ababa market for these products. 30 From the domestic consumption of cattle, sheep and goats indicated in Table 3. , the tonnage share taken by the Addis Ababa for beef and mutton is summarized in the Table 3. 3 below. Table 3. 3 Actual and Forecasted Consumption of Beef and Mutton Quantity in Tons 1987/88 Beef 1. Total Domestic Consumption 259,000 2. Addis Ababa Consumption: 2. 1. Addis Ababa Abattoir 24,000 2. 2. Backyard Slaughter Total Addis Ababa Consumption 24,000 3. Share of Addis Ababa from total (2/1) 9. 3% Source: Ministry of Agriculture Interim Report, 1990 2007/08* Beef 518,300 Mutton 129,000 Mutton 259,100 1,000 11,000 12,000 9 . 3% 48,200 48,200 9. 3% 2,000 22,100 24,100 9. 3% * Figures are arrived at by multiplying the per capita consumptions discussed below. The share of Addis Ababa consumption is assumed to be the same. Figures are rounded to the nearest hundred. Notes: (a) Human population of Addis Ababa (2007/08)** (b) Human population in other areas (2007/08)** (c) Total Ethiopian Population (2007/08)** 3,172,000 77,086,000 80,258,000 ** Human population figures are arrived at by projecting the year 2005/06 population figures for two years at a growth rate of 3. 3% for Addis Ababa and 3. 4% for the country as a whole, as provided in FAOSTAT (2003). With a population of almost 3. 2 million (4% of the total population), the annual consumption of beef and mutton for Addis Ababa accounted for 9. 3%. Based on these figures, the nation’s per capita consumption would be 6. kg for beef and 3. 2kg for mutton, while for Addis Ababa, it would be 15. 2kg and 7. 6kg of beef and mutton, respectively, more than twice larger than the national per capita consumption. Another market study conducted by DANAGRO (1996)14, based on the data obtained from the Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, established beef con sumption for Addis Ababa in 1994/95, as shown in Table 3. 4 below. 14 DANAGRO Advisor a/s, Ethiopia Meat Industry Privatization Project, Vol. II, Annex II: Marketing Studies, Addis Ababa, Sept. 1996. â€Å"DANAGRO† is the name of a Danish Company, where â€Å"DAN† represents the name of the country as â€Å"ETHIO† for Ethiopia. 31 Table 3. 4 Annual Supplies of Beef by Abattoirs (1994/95) Heads Ton 9,000 7,650 16,650 1. Annual Cattle Slaughter by Addis Ababa Abattoir 2. Annual slaughters by other abattoirs/backyard 3. Total slaughter for Addis Ababa Source: Compiled from DANAGRO study, 1996. 100,000 85,000 185,000 Note: Boneless meat yield is assumed to be 90 kg/head; 1 ton = 1,000 kg. DANAGROs survey has also reported on the annual consumption figures in tons of beef, mutton, broiler and table eggs by catering services in Addis Ababa as in Table 3. 5 below. Table 3. 5 Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products by Catering Services in Addis Ababa (1994/95) Quantity in Tons Catering Service Beef Mutton 02 712 50 1,164 13 Broiler* 291 253 61 605 6 Table Eggs 353 370 176 845 400 2,144 23 Total 1,912 5,337 737 845 400 9,231 100 Share (%) 21 58 8 9 4 100 1. Hotels 866 2. Restaurants 4,002 3. Supermarkets 450 4. Pastries 5. Snack Bars Total 5,318 Share (%) 58 Source: Compiled from DANAGRO study, 1996. * â€Å"Broiler† mea ns chicken meat. It can be observed from the figures in Table 3. 5 for the catering service that beef consumption accounted for 58% while table eggs accounted for the next larger share of 23%. Mutton and broiler consumption took the smallest share of 13% and 6%, respectively. In the total consumption of the catering service, the restaurants segment, hich also includes restaurants serving national foods, took the largest share of 58%, followed by 21% for hotels, 9% for pastries, 8% and 4% for supermarkets and snack bars, respectively. The pastry and snack bar segments consume only table eggs. 32 Assuming the Addis Ababa’s per capita consumption of 9kg for beef, 5. 6kg for mutton, and 2. 6kg for broiler, and taking the 1994/95 population projection of 2. 1 million, the study estimated the demand in Addis Ababa for livestock products as shown in Table 3. 6 below. Table 3. 6 Actual and Forecasted Demand for Livestock Products in Addis Ababa Quantity in Tons Product Beef Mutton Br oiler Source: Compiled from DANAGRO study, 1996. 1994/95 18,900 11,760 5,460 007/08* 28,500 17,800 8,200 * Figures are arrived at by multiplying the per capita consumptions discussed above and taking the population of Addis Ababa in 2007/08, which is 3,172,000 (Table 3. 3). Figures are rounded to the nearest hundred. Yet another estimate by FAO (2004)15 provides the figures, as shown in Table 3. 7 below, for domestic consumption of livestock products in the country between 1980 and 2000. Table 3. 7 Actual and Forecasted Domestic Consumption of Livestock Products Quantity in Tons Product Beef Mutton Goat Meat Poultry Meat Eggs Source: FAOSTAT (2003) 1980 200,800 131,400 65,600 61,500 1993 230,000 138,900 72,000 63,800 2000 98,000 145,300 73,800 65,800 Annual Growth Rate (%) 1993-2000 2. 6 0. 5 0. 2 0. 3 Estimated Consumption 2007/08* 365,900 151,200 75,000 67,400 * Figures for estimated consumption for 2007/08 are arrived at by projecting the year 2000 consumption using the annual g rowth rate during years 1993 –2000, i. e. , C 2007/08 = C 2000 x (1+G)8 ; where, C = Consumption; G = Growth rate; 8 = Number of years between the base year (2000) year 2007/08. 15 FAO, Livestock Sector Brief, May 2004. 33 Combining the figures from the three sources, the estimated consumption figures of beef, mutton, poultry meat, and eggs for Addis Ababa are shown in Table 3. 8. Table 3. 8 Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products in Addis Ababa as Estimated based on the Three Sources (2007/08) Quantity in Tons DANProduct Beef Mutton Poultry Meat Eggs Notes: Average for FAO 34,000 14,100 9,200 6,300 Per Capita Consumption (Kg) 11. 6 5. 9 2. 7 2. 0 MO